the Institute for Cancer Research

institute ['ɪnstɪtju:t]

1 transitive verb

(a) (establish → system, guidelines) instituer, établir; (→ change) introduire, apporter; (→ committee) créer, constituer; (→ award, organization) fonder, créer

(b) (take up → proceedings) engager, entamer; (→ inquiry) ouvrir;

∎ he threatened to institute legal action against them il a menacé de leur intenter un procès

(c) (induct) installer; Religion instituer

2 noun

institut m;

∎ institute for the blind institut m pour aveugles;

∎ research institute institut m de recherche

►► the Institute for Cancer Research = institut américain de recherche sur le cancer;

British the Institute of Contemporary Arts = centre d'art moderne à Londres;

British institute of education école f formant des enseignants

research,

A n

1 (academic, medical etc) recherche f (into, on sur) ; to do research faire de la recherche ; money for cancer research de l'argent pour la recherche sur le cancer ; she's doing some research on cancer elle fait des recherches sur le cancer ; animal research expériences fpl sur les animaux ; a piece of research une recherche ;

2 Comm ( for marketing) études fpl ; research shows that les études montrent que ; market research étude f de marché ;

3 Journ, Radio, TV documentation f (into sur).

B researches npl ( investigations) recherches fpl (into, on sur).

C modif [assistant, department, grant, institute, programme, project, unit] de recherche ; [student] qui fait de la recherche ; [funding] pour la recherche ; research work recherche f ; research biologist/chemist/physicist/scientist chercheur/-euse m/f en biologie/chimie/physique/science.

D vtr

1 gen, Univ faire des recherches dans [field] ; faire des recherches sur [topic] ; préparer [book, article, play] ;

2 Journ, Radio, TV se documenter sur [issue, problem] ; well researched bien documenté ;

3 Comm faire une étude sur [consumer attitudes, customer needs] ; to research the market faire une étude de marché ; you will be required to research techniques for… votre tâche consistera à mettre au point des techniques de…

E vi to research into faire des recherches sur.

1) (scientific study) Forschung, die (into, on über + Akk.)

2) (inquiry) Nachforschung, die ( into über + Akk.)

* * *

- academic.ru/61719/researcher">researcher

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I. n

[rɪˈsɜ:tʃ, AM ˈri:sɜ:rtʃ]

1. no pl (study) Forschung f (into/in/on über + akk)

cancer \research Krebsforschung f

medical/scientific \research medizinische/wissenschaftliche Forschung

2. no pl (study of) Erforschung f (into/in/on + gen)

\research in human genetics Forschungen pl auf dem Gebiet der Humangenetik

to carry out [or conduct] [or pursue] \research [into [or in] [or on] sth] [etw er]forschen

3. (studies)

▪ \researches pl Untersuchungen pl (in über + akk)

II. n

[rɪˈsɜ:tʃ, AM ˈri:sɜ:rtʃ]

modifier (centre, programme, project, unit, work) Forschungs-

\research assistant wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter/wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin

\research institute/facility Forschungsinstitut nt/Forschungsanstalt f

\research scientist Forscher(in) m(f)

\research team Forschungsteam nt, Forscherteam nt

III. vi

[rɪˈsɜ:tʃ, AM -ˈsɜ:rtʃ]

forschen

▪ to \research into [or in] sth etw erforschen [o untersuchen

IV. vt

[rɪˈsɜ:tʃ, AM -ˈsɜ:rtʃ]

▪ to \research sth

1. SCI etw erforschen

2. JOURN etw recherchieren

a well-\researched article ein gut recherchierter Artikel

* * *

1. n

2. vi

3. vt

* * *

research [rıˈsɜːtʃ; US rıˈsɜrtʃ; a. ˈriːˌ-]

A s

1. Forschung(sarbeit) f, (wissenschaftliche) Untersuchung ( beide:

in, on über akk, auf dem Gebiet gen):

research into sth Erforschung f einer Sache;

research into accidents Unfallforschung

2. (genaue) Untersuchung, Nachforschung f ( beide:

after, for nach)

B v/i forschen, Forschungen anstellen, wissenschaftlich arbeiten ( alle:

in, on über akk, auf dem Gebiet gen):

research into sth etwas untersuchen oder erforschen

C v/t untersuchen, erforschen

D adj Forschungs…:

research center (engineer, laboratory, satellite, work, etc);

research assignment ( oder commission) Forschungsauftrag m;

research establishment Forschungseinrichtung f, -institut n;

research library wissenschaftliche (Leih)Bibliothek;

research professor von Vorlesungen beurlaubter Professor mit Forschungsauftrag;

research team Forscherteam n;

research worker Forscher(in)

res. abk

1. research

2. reserve

3. residence

4. resident

5. residential

6. resides

7. resigned

8. resolution

* * *

1) (scientific study) Forschung, die (into, on über + Akk.)

2) (inquiry) Nachforschung, die ( into über + Akk.)

* * *

Forschung f.

Recherche f. v.

forschen v.

recherchieren v.

SUBJECT AREA: Automotive engineering, Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Metallurgy, Steam and internal combustion engines

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Kettering gained degrees in mechanical and electrical engineering from Ohio State University. He was employed by the National Construction Register (NCR) of Dayton, Ohio, where he devised an electric motor for use in cash registers. He became Head of the Inventions Department of that company but left in 1909 to form, with the former Works Manager of NCR, Edward A. Deeds, the Dayton Engineering Laboratories (later called Delco), to develop improved lighting and ignition systems for automobiles. In the first two years of the new company he produced not only these but also the first self-starter, both of which were fitted to the Cadillac, America's leading luxury car. In 1914 he founded Dayton Metal Products and the Dayton Wright Airplane Company. Two years later Delco was bought by General Motors. In 1925 the independent research facilities of Delco were moved to Detroit and merged with General Motors' laboratories to form General Motors Research Corporation, of which Kettering was President and General Manager. (He had been Vice-President of General Motors since 1920.) In that position he headed investigations into methods of achieving maximum engine performance as well as into the nature of friction and combustion. Many other developments in the automobile field were made under his leadership, such as engine coolers, variable-speed transmissions, balancing machines, the two-way shock absorber, high-octane fuel, leaded petrol or gasoline, fast-drying lacquers, crank-case ventilators, chrome plating, and the high-compression automobile engine. Among his other activities were the establishment of the Charles Franklin Kettering Foundation for the Study of Chlorophyll and Photosynthesis at Antioch College, and the founding of the Sloan- Kettering Institute for Cancer Research in New York City. He sponsored the Fever Therapy Research Project at Miami Valley Hospital at Dayton, which developed the hypertherm, or artificial fever machine, for use in the treatment of disease. He resigned from General Motors in 1947.

1) Общая лексика: Improvement Commitment Report, International Certification Registrar

2) Компьютерная техника: international communication recorder

3) Авиация: Integrated Cancellation Ratio, Interactive Conflict Resolution

4) Военный термин: Intelligence Collection Request, in-commission rate, infantry company radar, initial contact report, instruction change request, intelligence collection requirement, inventory change report, устройство для отключения отсекателя инфракрасного излучения (IR Cutter Remover)

5) Техника: International Congress of Radiology, initial conversion ratio, intelligible crosstalk ratio

6) Химия: Inanimate Carbon Rod

7) Юридический термин: Income Contingent Repayment

8) Бухгалтерия: Indirect Cost Recovery

9) Сокращение: Initial Cell Rate, Institute of Cancer Research, InterCooled Recuperated (gas turbine engine), Intercooled Recuperated / Regenerative engine, Intelligible Cross-talk Ratio, Ion Cyclotron Resonance, The Institute for Cetacean Research

10) Физиология: Insert, Controlled Release

11) Вычислительная техника: intelligent character recognition

12) Фирменный знак: International Communications Research

13) Нефтепромысловый: (Improvement Commitment Report) отчёт об обязательствах по улучшению

14) Образование: I Can Read

15) Программирование: Interrupt Control Register

16) Автоматика: interface control receiver

17) Химическое оружие: Instrumentation calibration report

18) Макаров: ИЦР

19) Расширение файла: Bitmap graphics (NCSA Telnet Interactive Color Raster graphic file)

20) Электротехника: iron-core reactor

1) Общая лексика: Improvement Commitment Report, International Certification Registrar

2) Компьютерная техника: international communication recorder

3) Авиация: Integrated Cancellation Ratio, Interactive Conflict Resolution

4) Военный термин: Intelligence Collection Request, in-commission rate, infantry company radar, initial contact report, instruction change request, intelligence collection requirement, inventory change report, устройство для отключения отсекателя инфракрасного излучения (IR Cutter Remover)

5) Техника: International Congress of Radiology, initial conversion ratio, intelligible crosstalk ratio

6) Химия: Inanimate Carbon Rod

7) Юридический термин: Income Contingent Repayment

8) Бухгалтерия: Indirect Cost Recovery

9) Сокращение: Initial Cell Rate, Institute of Cancer Research, InterCooled Recuperated (gas turbine engine), Intercooled Recuperated / Regenerative engine, Intelligible Cross-talk Ratio, Ion Cyclotron Resonance, The Institute for Cetacean Research

10) Физиология: Insert, Controlled Release

11) Вычислительная техника: intelligent character recognition

12) Фирменный знак: International Communications Research

13) Нефтепромысловый: (Improvement Commitment Report) отчёт об обязательствах по улучшению

14) Образование: I Can Read

15) Программирование: Interrupt Control Register

16) Автоматика: interface control receiver

17) Химическое оружие: Instrumentation calibration report

18) Макаров: ИЦР

19) Расширение файла: Bitmap graphics (NCSA Telnet Interactive Color Raster graphic file)

20) Электротехника: iron-core reactor

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Metallurgy

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Coolidge obtained his BS from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1896, and his PhD (physics) from the University of Leipzig in 1899. He was appointed Assistant Professor of Physics at MIT in 1904, and in 1905 he joined the staff of the General Electric Company's research laboratory at Schenectady. In 1905 Schenectady was trying to make tungsten-filament lamps to counter the competition of the tantalum-filament lamps then being produced by their German rival Siemens. The first tungsten lamps made by Just and Hanaman in Vienna in 1904 had been too fragile for general use. Coolidge and his life-long collaborator, Colin G. Fink, succeeded in 1910 by hot-working directly dense sintered tungsten compacts into wire. This success was the result of a flash of insight by Coolidge, who first perceived that fully recrystallized tungsten wire was always brittle and that only partially work-hardened wire retained a measure of ductility. This grasped, a process was developed which induced ductility into the wire by hot-working at temperatures below those required for full recrystallization, so that an elongated fibrous grain structure was progressively developed. Sintered tungsten ingots were swaged to bar at temperatures around 1,500°C and at the end of the process ductile tungsten filament wire was drawn through diamond dies around 550°C. This process allowed General Electric to dominate the world lamp market. Tungsten lamps consumed only one-third the energy of carbon lamps, and for the first time the cost of electric lighting was reduced to that of gas. Between 1911 and 1914, manufacturing licences for the General Electric patents had been granted for most of the developed work. The validity of the General Electric monopoly was bitterly contested, though in all the litigation that followed, Coolidge's fibering principle was upheld. Commercial arrangements between General Electric and European producers such as Siemens led to the name "Osram" being commonly applied to any lamp with a drawn tungsten filament. In 1910 Coolidge patented the use of thoria as a particular additive that greatly improved the high-temperature strength of tungsten filaments. From this development sprang the technique of "dispersion strengthening", still being widely used in the development of high-temperature alloys in the 1990s. In 1913 Coolidge introduced the first controllable hot-cathode X-ray tube, which had a tungsten target and operated in vacuo rather than in a gaseous atmosphere. With this equipment, medical radiography could for the first time be safely practised on a routine basis. During the First World War, Coolidge developed portable X-ray units for use in field hospitals, and between the First and Second World Wars he introduced between 1 and 2 million X-ray machines for cancer treatment and for industrial radiography. He became Director of the Schenectady laboratory in 1932, and from 1940 until 1944 he was Vice-President and Director of Research. After retirement he was retained as an X-ray consultant, and in this capacity he attended the Bikini atom bomb trials in 1946. Throughout the Second World War he was a member of the National Defence Research Committee.

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leader ['li:də(r)]

noun

(a) (head) chef m; Politics chef m, leader m, dirigeant(e) m,f; (of association) dirigeant(e) m,f; (of strike, protest, riot) meneur(euse) m,f;

∎ to be a born leader être fait pour donner des ordres ou commander;

∎ the leaders of the march were arrested les organisateurs de la manifestation ont été arrêtés

(b) Sport (horse) cheval m de tête; (athlete) coureur m de tête; (in championship) leader m;

∎ she was up with the leaders elle était parmi les premiers ou dans le peloton de tête

(c) (main body or driving force)

∎ the institute is a world leader in cancer research l'institut occupe une des premières places mondiales en matière de recherche contre le cancer;

∎ the leaders of fashion ceux qui font la mode

(d) Music (of orchestra) British premier violon m; American chef m d'orchestre

(e) (in newspapers → editorial) éditorial m

(f) British Law avocat(e) m,f principal(e)

(g) Marketing (product) leader m; (company) chef m de file, leader m; American (loss leader) produit m d'appel

(h) (for film, tape) amorce f

(i) (in mountaineering) premier m de cordée

(j) Stock Exchange valeur f vedette

►► Politics the Leader of the House (in the Commons) = parlementaire de la majorité chargé de certaines fonctions dans la mise en place du programme gouvernemental; (in the Lords) = porte-parole du gouvernement;

the Leader of the Opposition le chef de l'opposition;

British Journalism leader writer éditorialiste mf

1) Компьютерная техника: Consolidated Software Inventory, Cpu Support Identification, channel state information

2) Авиация: cycles since installation

3) Медицина: cancer serum index

4) Американизм: Center for the Study of Intelligence

5) Спорт: Commission Sportive Internationale

6) Военный термин: CONUS sustaining increment, Combat Studies Institute, Commercial Satellite Interconnectivity, Computer Security Institute, contractor standard item

7) Техника: colossal scale integration, Construction Specification Institute (US)

8) Шутливое выражение: Customer Supplies Income

9) Религия: Christ Serving Individuals, Church Of South India

10) Юридический термин: Cemetery Scene Investigation, Crime Scenes Investigation

11) Автомобильный термин: cold start injector

12) Грубое выражение: Crap For Simple Idiots, Cruel Sadistic Idiots

13) Политика: Container Security Initiative

14) Телекоммуникации: construction specification institute

15) Сокращение: Circuiti Stampati Italia, Clutter Suppression Interferometry, Competitive Strategies Initiative, Computer Synthesised Image, Control & Reporting Center/SAM Interface (NATO), Customer Satisfaction Index (Opinion Research Corporation), California Space Institute, Commercial Systems Integration, Coastal Regions and Small Islands, criticality safety index

16) Вычислительная техника: Component Service Interface, Computer Science Institute, Construction Standards Institute, channel status indicator, Convergence Sublayer Indication (ATM), CompuServe Incorporated (ISP)

17) Иммунология: contrasuppression

18) Банковское дело: Совет индустрии ценных бумаг (Великобритания; Council of Securities Industry)

19) Фирменный знак: Campbell Scientific Inc, Cooperative Services International

20) СМИ: Compact Source Iodide, Crime Scene Investigation

21) Деловая лексика: Customer Satisfaction Index, Customer Service Index, Customer Support Identifier, Consulting and Integration Services

22) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: отображение комптоновского рассеяния

23) Инвестиции: Council of Securities Industry

24) Сетевые технологии: called subscriber identification, кадр идентификации вызываемого абонента

25) Автоматика: controller structure interaction

26) Океанография: Conditional Symmetric Instability

27) Химическое оружие: Construction Specifications Institute, chemical surety inspection

28) Расширение файла: Command Sequence Introducer, CompuServe Incorporated, Computer Systems International

29) Нефть и газ: Combinable Seismic Imager, комбинируемый сейсмический зонд

30) Парапсихология: Комитет скептических изысканий, Committee for Sceptical Inquiry

31) Маркетология: Индекс удовлетворенности потребителей

32) Электротехника: current source inverter

33) Фармация: Core safety information

34) Должность: Cock Sucking Intern, Crime Scene Investigator

35) Чат: Cookies Sound Interesting

36) NYSE. Chase Industries, Inc.

37) Аэропорты: Casino, New South Wales, Australia

38) НАСА: Control Sequence Indicator